(cc)River Itchen between Riverside Park and Portswood
Engineering with Environment
Daniel
In the 20th century, the average temperature has increased about 0.74 degrees Celsius in Earth's atmosphere. Many Scientists discovered that the velocity of climate changing in last 50 years was twice as in last 100 years. It's reasonable to believe that human activities affected the climate changing in last 50 years.
The 71% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water, which is one of the impotant factors that may increase the greenhouse gases and can regulate the climate. Atmospheric vapor can stop 60% of the radiation from the Earth, which protects the Earth from cooling. The water from ocean and land can accumulate and absorb heat to control the temperature in Summer and Winter. However, people contaminated and wasted water, since they didn't pay attention to sewage treatment.
In 19th and 20th century, the ecnomics developed with the population growth and expanded industrial activities. The wastewater from the factories and houses was directly sent into the river and streams. It was a common way that emitting raw untreated wasterwater to rivers at that time. The sewage included bacteria, viruses and other microorganization, which can cause a number of diseases such as Cholera, Polio, Typhoid, Dysentery, and Hepatitis. That could destroy the environment where planets and animals grow.
(cc)global warming map
Sewage damaged not only our lives, but also our environment. Wastewater sent to river cause harm in ecosystems because of bioaccumulation. It could produce some chemicals like nitrogen and phosphorous, generate phytoplankton, which made the water be full of toxics. That destroyed the soils and vegetations. If that situation continued, the trees and planets would withered for not enough nutrients. The temperature increased constantly for the greenhouse gases accumulated in the atmosphere. It far exceeded the capacity of the nature treatment systems.
Considering the damage of sewage to the environment, scientists thought they need to create a system for wastewater treatment. The first wastewater treatment was a simple process of solids removal. People used varied of filter medium, such as active carbon, to adsorb the impurity and get the water pure. Chemical method was used as well. Scientists utilized alum to be in water, adsorbing the impurity and becoming bigger. Water could get pure when the alum got rid of it. Even though these processes were very simple, it showed that people had already started to pay attention to environment.
(cc)Sedimentation tank
Part2: Sewage consists of household wastewater from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens and sinks, and waste liquids from industry and commerce in many areas. Wastewater from toilets and bathing are in majority. Both of them are in proportion of 70%. Generally, wastewater treatment involves three steps. Those are primary, secondary and tertiary treatment. It consists of physical, chemical and biological process to remove all the impurities. Usually, after the sewage treatment, the impurities, contaminants and solids removed from sewage will be collected and dealt with safely ultimately. That would not damage to
(cc)Secondary Sedimentation tank at a rural treatment plant.
human or environment. The main purpose of primary stage is to remove all the settled and floating materials. The wastewater from our houses, flows through the "primary sedimentation tanks". These tanks are large enough that the floating material like oil can rise to surface and the trash can settle down. Then the water in the middle part will be sent to the secondary stage tanks. In the second stage, wastewater would flow through aeration zone, settler and sand filtration in order.The picture on the right side is the instrument of the secondary stage. The biological things would be removed off in this tank. The substances that are removed from water treatment are called sludge.The sludge that was removed out can be used as fertilizer in agriculture land. After the treatments above, the water is almost able to be drunk and used. Then the water would flow to the tertiary stage. This treatment is the last stage before water can be released into the receiving environment like river, sea and ocean. The big trash would be collected and transported to other places for recycling use.
In the area of countryside, there is another wastewater recycle system, called septic tank system. This system is mainly used in countryside, because there's no wastewater treatment plant. From the beginning, the sewage would flow through the septic tank and the excrement would stay at the bottom of the tank. The waste liquid would go through the subsurface disposal system and the soil layers purify the water. So people who live in countryside could use the clean water from the well.There Wastewater treatment reduces the contaminants to acceptable levels so as to be safe for discharge into the environment.
Part3:
(cc)MBRvsASP Schematic
In recent years, the technology for Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) in wastewater treatment has been improved rapidly.MBR is a biological wastewater treatment process, which is combine with a membrane. The main duty in this process of the membrane is to separate the solid and liquid and retain the suspensions and bacterium. The development of technology for MBR is to raise the rate of filter at a maximum point and make it work stably. MBR raise the consistency of biomass, which is able to effectively remove soluble and biodegradable materials. The effect of separation is better than conventional sedimentation tank. The filtration rates of suspensions and turbidness are almost close to
(cc)MBR Schematic
zero. We can consider the membrane as a piece of paper, it is able to retain the bioreactor and micro-organisms outside. For the rate of filtration closes to zero, the water is able to be drunk and used directly after the MBR system process.
Comparing to the conventional wastewater treatment plants, the MBR technology could provide 2 main advantages: 1.better water quality. 2. Reduction of the whole lifecycle costs. In the past, higher usage for chemical products made membranes become old. The consequence for that was to decrease the life of membranes and raise the lifecycle costs. The costs of construction and operation for MBR were higher than the conventional one. However, with the technology developing and becoming common, nowadays, the cost of lifecycle is decreasing all the time. In addition, MBR system takes aeration tank and sedimentation tank into one, which is substituted for all the constructions of tertiary sewage treatment. Government could save investment costs due to MBR covers approximate half of area of conventional ways. If we have the MBR system, we don't need to let the wastewater flow through settler and sand filtration, which save time for us. MBR has been accepted by the extensive whole industry. As a result of its small size and high effect, the MBR system will be the key technology for wastewater treatment in future.
Part 1 Engineering's Effect on Environment
Wastewater treatment is one of the important factors that may increase the greenhouse gases. Water, covered 70% of the earth's surface, including sewage, would damage to the environment if we don't deal with it well. The sewage sent to the rivers included bacteria,and microorganism. With the industrial revolution developed, the situation of rivers got worse and worse. People paid more attention to the wastewater treatment as a result of sewage's damage. The history of sewage treatment has been written in books since 18th century.Without the contribution of wastewater treatment, we would probably live in a total different world now.
Humans activities had an highly influence on the environments.CO2 and other greenhouse gases increased rapidly with the 3 times industrial revolutions. That made the average temperature increse twice as it was 100 years ago. Scientists had evidences to show that humans activities were the main factor of global warming. Economics development without protecting environments is not a good way.
The first source(No.1) comes from KWRP(.org). It was a examination and experience that a organization had for years. Although the website was few years ago, the experience and statistics were useful. So I think the source is trustworthy.
The second source(No.4) was created by a company. The website explains what's meaning of wastewater treatment and how to deal with it. It involves many statistics and opinions of experts. So I don't think the infomation biased in any way. I think the website is trusty and useful.
Part 2Earth Science in Australia
This article gives me useful information. It contains how to deal with the sewage, the sources of household sewage, composition of household waste water and the septic tank system. It shows that almost wastewater comes from toilets and about 45% of it comes from bathing and washing. It's hard to realize that the bathing would produce so much sewage before I read this website.I think it's time to consider about our lives styles.
This website was created by Australian Education Organization (.org), so I think I can trust the information. There are some graphes that shows the statistics about sources of household wastewater,but there is no details in method of wasterwater treatment. The source is current. I think it would be a good source of wastewater treatment.
sewage treatment
I think it's another good resource for me. The website consists of answers and wikipedia. It mainly explain the method of wastewater treatment via step by step in details. The sewage treatment is generally taken into 3 parts, including pre-treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Not like what we imagine, the sewage treatment contains physical and chemical methods and those are complicated processes. If we pay attention to it, we can find the advantages and disadvantages of the current sewage treatment.
This source was created by answer.com and wikipedia. There are a lot of detail information that told me what the processes of sewage treatment is. It has some picture to explain the processes. I think the information is what I need for my project.
Part 3:Filtration Seperation
The key to the future wastewater treatment is the MBR and biological method. This website contains the construction of Harnaschpolder wastewater treatment plant, how the plant works, pre-treatment, biological treatment, energy from sludge treatment and biogas. I think the biological treatment is more important in future. Because the method is more effective than the physical and chemical ones.
This website was created by filtsep.com. The information in this source told me about how to deal with wastewater presently and in future. Although there's less graph and data in the website, it's a good source for my project I think.
sewage treatment
I use this source again because it includes the information I want. It tells how the membrane bioreactors (MBR) works, which is the key to future sewage treatment. The website consists of answers and wikipedia. It mainly explain the method of wastewater treatment via step by step in details. The sewage treatment is generally taken into 3 parts, including pre-treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Even though the MBR system is not popular for the cost, it would be the key to wastewater treatment in future because of its effect. I think the wastewater would be much cleaner via biological method.
This source was created by answer.com and wikipedia. There are a lot of detail information about the processes of MBR system. It has some picture to explain the differences between regular processes and MBR. I think the information is what I need for my project.
4.The magazine:<Arber>, 4 pages, publicated on summer 2005, <Membrane Bioreactors>, by Richard P. Arber
5.The magazine <Pollution Engineering>, 2 pages, publicated on February 2008, <Not Just City Thing>, by Antonia Von Gottberg,
Darren Lawrence and Christoph Kullman
Engineering with Environment
DanielIn the 20th century, the average temperature has increased about 0.74 degrees Celsius in Earth's atmosphere. Many Scientists discovered that the velocity of climate changing in last 50 years was twice as in last 100 years. It's reasonable to believe that human activities affected the climate changing in last 50 years.
The 71% of the surface of the Earth is covered with water, which is one of the impotant factors that may increase the greenhouse gases and can regulate the climate. Atmospheric vapor can stop 60% of the radiation from the Earth, which protects the Earth from cooling. The water from ocean and land can accumulate and absorb heat to control the temperature in Summer and Winter. However, people contaminated and wasted water, since they didn't pay attention to sewage treatment.
In 19th and 20th century, the ecnomics developed with the population growth and expanded industrial activities. The wastewater from the factories and houses was directly sent into the river and streams. It was a common way that emitting raw untreated wasterwater to rivers at that time. The sewage included bacteria, viruses and other microorganization, which can cause a number of diseases such as Cholera, Polio, Typhoid, Dysentery, and Hepatitis. That could destroy the environment where planets and animals grow.
Sewage damaged not only our lives, but also our environment. Wastewater sent to river cause harm in ecosystems because of bioaccumulation. It could produce some chemicals like nitrogen and phosphorous, generate phytoplankton, which made the water be full of toxics. That destroyed the soils and vegetations. If that situation continued, the trees and planets would withered for not enough nutrients. The temperature increased constantly for the greenhouse gases accumulated in the atmosphere. It far exceeded the capacity of the nature treatment systems.
Considering the damage of sewage to the environment, scientists thought they need to create a system for wastewater treatment. The first wastewater treatment was a simple process of solids removal. People used varied of filter medium, such as active carbon, to adsorb the impurity and get the water pure. Chemical method was used as well. Scientists utilized alum to be in water, adsorbing the impurity and becoming bigger. Water could get pure when the alum got rid of it. Even though these processes were very simple, it showed that people had already started to pay attention to environment.
In the area of countryside, there is another wastewater recycle system, called septic tank system. This system is mainly used in countryside, because there's no wastewater treatment plant. From the beginning, the sewage would flow through the septic tank and the excrement would stay at the bottom of the tank. The waste liquid would go through the subsurface disposal system and the soil layers purify the water. So people who live in countryside could use the clean water from the well.There Wastewater treatment reduces the contaminants to acceptable levels so as to be safe for discharge into the environment.
Part3:
In recent years, the technology for Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) in wastewater treatment has been improved rapidly.MBR is a biological wastewater treatment process, which is combine with a membrane. The main duty in this process of the membrane is to separate the solid and liquid and retain the suspensions and bacterium. The development of technology for MBR is to raise the rate of filter at a maximum point and make it work stably. MBR raise the consistency of biomass, which is able to effectively remove soluble and biodegradable materials. The effect of separation is better than conventional sedimentation tank. The filtration rates of suspensions and turbidness are almost close to
(cc)MBR Schematic
zero. We can consider the membrane as a piece of paper, it is able to retain the bioreactor and micro-organisms outside. For the rate of filtration closes to zero, the water is able to be drunk and used directly after the MBR system process.
Comparing to the conventional wastewater treatment plants, the MBR technology could provide 2 main advantages: 1.better water quality. 2. Reduction of the whole lifecycle costs. In the past, higher usage for chemical products made membranes become old. The consequence for that was to decrease the life of membranes and raise the lifecycle costs. The costs of construction and operation for MBR were higher than the conventional one. However, with the technology developing and becoming common, nowadays, the cost of lifecycle is decreasing all the time. In addition, MBR system takes aeration tank and sedimentation tank into one, which is substituted for all the constructions of tertiary sewage treatment. Government could save investment costs due to MBR covers approximate half of area of conventional ways. If we have the MBR system, we don't need to let the wastewater flow through settler and sand filtration, which save time for us. MBR has been accepted by the extensive whole industry. As a result of its small size and high effect, the MBR system will be the key technology for wastewater treatment in future.
Used sources:
1.Departments : Public Services : Wastewater Treatment : Past, Present & Future 9/13/09http://www.kalamazoocity.org/portal/government.php?page_id=170&news_id=&event_id=&printable=true#
2.wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering 9/13/09
3.wastewater treatment
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200812/ai_n31171857/?tag=content;col1 9/13/09
Part2:
1.earth science australia, 10/25/09
http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/sewage/sewage.html
4.answers.com, sewage treatment, 10/25/09
http://www.answers.com/topic/sewage-treatment
Part3:
1.filtration separation.com, "the future of wastewater",by Liz Nickels,11/23/09
http://www.filtsep.com/view/718/wastewater-treatment-energyefficiency-the-future-of-wastewater-/
3.answers.com, sewage treatment, 11/23/09 http://www.answers.com/topic/sewage-treatment
Summary and Evaluation of Sources
Part 1 Engineering's Effect on EnvironmentWastewater treatment is one of the important factors that may increase the greenhouse gases. Water, covered 70% of the earth's surface, including sewage, would damage to the environment if we don't deal with it well. The sewage sent to the rivers included bacteria,and microorganism. With the industrial revolution developed, the situation of rivers got worse and worse. People paid more attention to the wastewater treatment as a result of sewage's damage. The history of sewage treatment has been written in books since 18th century.Without the contribution of wastewater treatment, we would probably live in a total different world now.
Humans activities had an highly influence on the environments.CO2 and other greenhouse gases increased rapidly with the 3 times industrial revolutions. That made the average temperature increse twice as it was 100 years ago. Scientists had evidences to show that humans activities were the main factor of global warming. Economics development without protecting environments is not a good way.
The first source(No.1) comes from KWRP(.org). It was a examination and experience that a organization had for years. Although the website was few years ago, the experience and statistics were useful. So I think the source is trustworthy.
The second source(No.4) was created by a company. The website explains what's meaning of wastewater treatment and how to deal with it. It involves many statistics and opinions of experts. So I don't think the infomation biased in any way. I think the website is trusty and useful.
Part 2 Earth Science in Australia
This article gives me useful information. It contains how to deal with the sewage, the sources of household sewage, composition of household waste water and the septic tank system. It shows that almost wastewater comes from toilets and about 45% of it comes from bathing and washing. It's hard to realize that the bathing would produce so much sewage before I read this website.I think it's time to consider about our lives styles.
This website was created by Australian Education Organization (.org), so I think I can trust the information. There are some graphes that shows the statistics about sources of household wastewater,but there is no details in method of wasterwater treatment. The source is current. I think it would be a good source of wastewater treatment.
sewage treatment
I think it's another good resource for me. The website consists of answers and wikipedia. It mainly explain the method of wastewater treatment via step by step in details. The sewage treatment is generally taken into 3 parts, including pre-treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Not like what we imagine, the sewage treatment contains physical and chemical methods and those are complicated processes. If we pay attention to it, we can find the advantages and disadvantages of the current sewage treatment.
This source was created by answer.com and wikipedia. There are a lot of detail information that told me what the processes of sewage treatment is. It has some picture to explain the processes. I think the information is what I need for my project.
Part 3: Filtration Seperation
The key to the future wastewater treatment is the MBR and biological method. This website contains the construction of Harnaschpolder wastewater treatment plant, how the plant works, pre-treatment, biological treatment, energy from sludge treatment and biogas. I think the biological treatment is more important in future. Because the method is more effective than the physical and chemical ones.
This website was created by filtsep.com. The information in this source told me about how to deal with wastewater presently and in future. Although there's less graph and data in the website, it's a good source for my project I think.
sewage treatment
I use this source again because it includes the information I want. It tells how the membrane bioreactors (MBR) works, which is the key to future sewage treatment. The website consists of answers and wikipedia. It mainly explain the method of wastewater treatment via step by step in details. The sewage treatment is generally taken into 3 parts, including pre-treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment. Even though the MBR system is not popular for the cost, it would be the key to wastewater treatment in future because of its effect. I think the wastewater would be much cleaner via biological method.
This source was created by answer.com and wikipedia. There are a lot of detail information about the processes of MBR system. It has some picture to explain the differences between regular processes and MBR. I think the information is what I need for my project.
Possible Sources:
1.Departments : Public Services : Wastewater Treatment : Past, Present & Future 9/13/09http://www.kalamazoocity.org/portal/government.php?page_id=170&news_id=&event_id=&printable=true#
2.National Geographic,<Air Pollution>
http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/pollution-overview.html 9/7/09
3.wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering 9/13/09
4.wastewater treatment
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200812/ai_n31171857/?tag=content;col1 9/13/09
5.Greenhouse gases and Society, by Nick Hopwood & Jordan Cohen
http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm 9/13/09
Part2
1.earth science australia, 10/25/09http://earthsci.org/education/teacher/basicgeol/sewage/sewage.html
2.water and wastewater.com,10/20/09http://www.waterandwastewater.com/plant_directory/Detailed/557.html
3.wastewater treatment water use,10/20/09
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuww.html
4.answers.com, sewage treatment, 10/25/09
http://www.answers.com/topic/sewage-treatment
5.The article:The History of Driking Water Treatment, 4 pages, publicated on February 2000, at United States Environmental Protection Agency
Part3
1.filtration separation.com, "the future of wastewater",by Liz Nickels,11/23/09
http://www.filtsep.com/view/718/wastewater-treatment-energyefficiency-the-future-of-wastewater-/
2.water & wastes digest.com, "the key to future wastewater treatment", by By Dr. Klaus Vossenkaul, 11/23/09
http://www.wwdmag.com/The-Key-to-Future-Wastewater-Treatment--article6488
3.answers.com, sewage treatment, 11/23/09
http://www.answers.com/topic/sewage-treatment
4.The magazine:<Arber>, 4 pages, publicated on summer 2005, <Membrane Bioreactors>, by Richard P. Arber
5.The magazine <Pollution Engineering>, 2 pages, publicated on February 2008, <Not Just City Thing>, by Antonia Von Gottberg,
Darren Lawrence and Christoph Kullman